History of African Law

History of African Law It would be impossible to provide a history of African law without exploring the major influences of the European countries that colonised most of the African continent in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries. The major legal influences in the African continent come mostly from English, French and Dutch law, as those were the main colonisers in this area. The different countries that brought their laws with them when they took over control of the particular countries have moulded the law in Africa in their own image. Some of the oldest legal systems in the world began first in Africa many thousands of years ago. For example the laws of Ancient Egypt utilised a particular type of civil code, which was based on the concept of Ma’at. The Ma’at was an informal system involving such principles of social equality and impartiality. The Maat was portrayed as being responsible for the regulation of the seasons, stars and the actions of both mortals and the deities. Some of th e laws of the countries in Northern Africa are still primarily based upon on French and Islamic law. One example of this is Algeria, which remained under direct French rule for over one hundred years and it is plain to see the French legal influences in many different areas of their legal system. Algeria became a sovereign state in 1962 but still retains many facets of Roman law that it has inherited from the French colonialists. A brief summary of the legal history of the entire African continent is impractical and so the focus of this piece will be mainly on the history of South African law as it is demonstrative of the continent as a whole, as it contains all the same themes that are present in the majority of African countries. South Africa has a mixed legal system, comprised of the combining of several distinct legal traditions. The original Dutch colonisers in the Seventeenth century brought with them a civil law system; a common law system was inherited from the later English colonisers in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, and indigenous law, often referred to as African ‘customary law’. The interrelationship between these individual traditions is very complex, with the influence of English law being the most noticeable in procedural characteristics of their legal system and set up and methods of judiciary. There is a major Roman law influence in the legal system in addition, which is most visible in its substantive private law. More recently in the late Twentieth century another component has been added to this mix and that is the constitution. This interrelation of vastly different legal systems and methods is visible throughout the continent and no exploration of the history of African law would be complete without an analysis of the individual sources of this law itself. Throughout the majority of the African continent it is most difficult to discover the history of the legal systems that were in existence prior to the Europeans arriving. The reason for this is because with the exception of a few countries such as Egypt, there was no formal written history of laws in most African countries. Seemingly to amplify this problem was the failure of the Dutch, British and other European regimes to record the laws of pre-colonial Africa. From the middle of the Seventeenth century, with the arrival of Dutch explorers in the Cape of Good Hope, the spread of the Roman-Dutch based legal system gathered momentum and quickly became the recognised legal system of not only South Africa but the majority of African countries The situation for many years in South Africa was wherever British law does not stand, Roman-Dutch law forms the fall back to which the country looks towards to ensure clarity in its law. In the case of South Africa, which is highlighted in many ot her countries including Zimbabwe, after the Second World War, Britain and the other European colonists of Africa gradually lost influence and this led to the creation of numerous Republican regimes. The Republic of South Africa was formed in 1961, but many of English laws and facets of the English legal system were incorporated into and now form the bedrock of South African law. The current situation in South Africa is that the fundamental source of laws in the country is the 1996 Constitution, which was formed by virtue of the Constitution of South Africa Act 1996. Any law or action that breaches the provisions of this Constitution is illegal. The sources of South Africas law have been briefly explored above and will now be further elaborated upon. The current position in South Africa reflects the situation in many post-colonial African nations in terms of the sources of its legal system. It is made up of the following components: Statutory law which is formed by the legislative institution It is the codified part of the South African Law. These laws are contained in Acts and various subordinate legislation, which is passed by the Parliament of South Africa Common law, which comprises of judicial precedent taken from case law, which is based on the same tradition of precedent as that which applies in England and Wales and from case law and the Roman Dutch ‘old authorities’. Roman Dutch Law, which is prevalent throughout large parts of Southern Africa, is a legal system that is fundamentally based on Roman law. This was the legal system that was operative in the Netherlands throughout the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries. There are many African countries whose legal systems are still based upon Roman Dutch law and Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia are the most prominent examples. African customary law Foreign and international law. The laws of South Africa that are not contained in Acts passed by Parliament are those based on common law. The development of the Common Law system of South Africa is made possible by the fact that the South African courts follow the UK system of legal precedent or ‘stare decisis’.

Early Christian Music Essay

Singing is an essential part of worship to God. Even the creation itself was accompanied by the singing of morning stars (KJV, Job 38:7). So, music and singing were a vital part of the Israel and in the Old Testament we may find numerous confirmations of this fact. Jesus Himself sang hymns with His disciples before His sufferings (Matthew 26:30). During the Apostolic Era, singing in temple and synagogues still united the Jewish nation, and the apostles urged the believers to sing psalms, when anyone is merry (James 5:13), and in his letter to Corinthians, when he mentioned about the order in the congregation, Paul wrote that â€Å"everyone of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-Corinth. 14:26), where psalm is mentioned first. Psalms became the primary source texts for Christian music and liturgy establishment. Christianity, which originated from the Middle East and had spread throughout the Roman Empire during the first five centuries A. D. , was founded on the basis of the Jewish religion and, therefore, its key practices, such as the sacrificial concept and worship, are rooted and were formed from the traditions and commandments of the Old Testament. The center of Church singing became Christ, the Lord. Music was not limited by canons or regulations; it was simple and exalted, joining the loving souls. Love to the Savior Jesus Christ was so deep that the first Christians were aware of the tiniest step towards worldly and pagan influence; therefore, pomp and coddle of roman music did not attracted them. The basis of singing in the early church was music of the Temple in Jerusalem – the chant of words from the Scripture. One was leading, while the whole congregation repeated him. Other Christian singings included: â€Å"speaking to [themselves] in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in [their] hearts to the Lord† (Eph. 5:19), which represented a two-part singing by-turn; being filled with the Holy Spirit, Christians were making and singing new songs, like the new song to honor the Lamb in the Revelation of John. Pliny the Younger, the Roman appointee in Bithynia, in his report to the Roman â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #2† Emperor 110 A. D. , had found out that the activities of Christians are not anti-social and their meetings are simple and start with singing a hymn of praise to Christ, as God. During the Roman persecution, Christians were forced to make services in catacombs – the walls of these galleries still keep the images of singers and, moreover, the texts of hymns. Monotonous music of hymns was amazing in its austerity and exaltation at the same time. Musical instruments were not allowed because of their heathen usage. On the first council of Nicaea in 325, the persecuted church became the state one. Therefore, singing and worship, staying monotonous, was supplemented with such chants as Gallican – France, Mozarabic (Visigothic) – Spain, Old Roman, Ambrosian, and Sarum use – England (Norton, 2002) and was influenced by national differences. The second council in 381 had excluded non-Christian singing, for Christian music, enjoying the freedom for decades, had been loosing its vitality and simplicity. 100 years later, Manlius Severinus Boethius had written a five-volume book on music – De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music) – where he had concluded writings and findings of Greek authors (Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Euclid and Aristoxenus). Boethius had divided music into three categories: musica mundane – described the universe, planets, seasons – music of the spheres; musica humana – described the interrelations of body and soul; musica instrumentalis – described music performed with the help of instrument or voice (Norton, 2002). He claimed that music must be a representation of harmony, knowledge, and order. St. Ambrose and St. Gregory the Great played the most significant role in the development of early Christian music – they have left the patterns, which are now called Ambrosian and Gregorian chants, though the founders themselves had no intention to establish a canon. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, realized the need to enrich the monotonous hymn’s â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #3† performance and wrote a number of hymns for his church, which reproduce the psalms of David in verses. He depicted bright images, using a manifold oratorical language of Cicerone, Horatio and Vergilius. His music was simple and close to folk’s one. He introduced antiphonal singing, known in Jerusalem Temple, which represents a by-turn psalm singing of soloist, while the rest of congregation is refraining (antiphon) the verses. Besides, Ambrose had put a foundation for eight voice chorus in the West. The original form of Ambrosian chant is still kept in native Milan. Pope St. Gregory I, a son of roman Senator, who refused to serve these worldly passions, and, having sold his possessions, entered the St. Andrew’s monastery, became the first monk, who was elected to be the pope. Being devoted to liturgy, which was aimed at prayer and teaching, he advanced the plain singing as a sacred music and stressed on the importance of church music as an outer manifestation of faith that can raise man’s heart to spiritual level. This form of monophonic chant became a standard of monastery (Office) and public (the Mass) worship, as well as other services, and had been sung by choirs. This very chant had replaced Old Roman chant in Rome and has been revised and developed until the tenth century A. D. The singing itself started with â€Å"halleluiah† – the victorious exclamation of Christians after two and a half centuries of persecution. Its best samples were composed at the end of 5th century (between the invasions of Goths and Lombards), in the epoch of wars, destructions, plagues, famine, disasters – such horrifying that Gregory supposed them to be the signs of the end and presages of the Last Judgment. Yet, this singing is filled with peace and faith for the future. Therefore, the Early Christian Music was written in times of persecutions and hardships and was aimed to inspire and give faith to believers. That is why the chants and hymns of that time still restore the souls of mankind and are the basis for main services in the most of Christian world. Works Cited: Holy Bible, King James Version. Plume, 1974. Norton, W. â€Å"Music in the Early Christian Church†. Concise History of Western Music. 2002. W. W. Norton & Company. 11 Apr 2008 . Ward, Justine. â€Å"The Reform of Church Music†. The Atlantic Monthly 04 1906 1-10. 11 Apr 2008 .

Contemporary Globalization Essay

Are you a forerunner of the so called Contemporary Globalization or in your view point do you adhere to Global Diversity? This short paper is to review globalization developments and their impacts or consequences whether is it a threat to human dignity in terms of providing a safer work place and leisure to man and will it promotes democracy and justice for all (Johnston, Mont 2000)? Globalization began in the 70’s and reaches all the corners of the world through the creation of IMF, the World Bank and, WTO. Globalization was also brought about by the advance communication technology and collapse of communism (Johnston, Mont 2000). According to the Canadian Union Council (CUC), â€Å"globalization does not account of the right of conscience, and democracy is only hearsay. Trade fundamentalist works with corporate lawyers to develop trade rules which expressly exclude consideration of the environment and human rights in favor of return on investments, consideration on the rights of others are only taken into consideration only in extraordinary circumstances†. For this reason, the Council created seven principles of the UUs covenants to counter act or to balance the wave of globalization which is detrimental to the Unitarian way of thinking in which it firmly believes that uniqueness of every person must be reverently acknowledge preserving his culture. It is in diversity that a genuine human society is born. Globalization spread the culture of homogenous market and consumerism; it limits human choices because human values are dictated by market values. Manfred Steger further stated globalism in his book A New Market Ideology as â€Å"globalony†. Consequences or impacts of Globalization: Neoliberals or the globalist supported their claims on the following ideology: Globalization is market integration, inevitable and irreversible, none is in-charge and it would benefit everyone, and will further spread democracy. These are strategies in order to promote private interests of dominant few to be supported by the general public. These claims were carefully examined by Steger as he insisted that we need to critically understand what are globalism, ideology, and globalization which are a process of globalism. He also pointed out that it is not only enough to examine its economic outcome but its ideas and values (Walker 2003). It is a hard truth to accept that the human will are dictated by market trends which mean that human values are being replaced by market value or the limiting of our choices which is contrary to the free act of man. Corporations have extended on a global scale, 51 among top companies are run by the wealthiest 100 multinationals (Carmichael 2002). Steger asserted that it is undemocratic because the influence of the supranational bodies will decrease the ability of national governments to regulate multinational corporations. Wiwa in his audience with law students declare that â€Å"The governance are no longer for the benefit of the citizens, as it should be, but for corporate profit. Decisions reflect only what corporations want (Carmichael 2002)†. Anything that gets in their way must be removed at all costs, no wonder there could be a time that man will be replaced by robots. For man to survive, diversity is needed but regimes like the WTO has modeled globalization which resulted into a homogenous culture of consumerism. It sees that diversity is an impediment to the free trade. One example is the over-produced food that flooded the developing countries; it forces small farmers to abandon their farms to work for Nike and other corporations. Mexican farmer’s earnings have declined by 40%. Poverty radically increases while the stocks of multinationals increases. Ken Wiwa a physician and an author of the book â€Å"Dance the guns to Silenceâ€Å"was hanged in November 1995 for his crusade against globalization and today it is his brother Owen who continues by addressing a political science class at the University of Toronto about the consequence of globalization saying â€Å"You have that paradox whereby an increase in transnational corporations in the south will increase the poverty and conflict and wars in that country and Ten years from now you may be working in these corporations and governments so it is up to you to make an influence â€Å"(Carmichael 2002). Shell Corporation and the Ogoni people faced the dilemma between the clearing of its oil spills and the MOSOP Movement of the Ogoni People for Survival in the 1990s. Oil extraction in their country is to the detriment of its inhabitants. Sickness related to air and water pollution like asthma and other diseases outnumbered the hospital built in 1993. Though the company has left the premises they have not really removed their pipelines nor cleaned up and paid compensation to their workers. The company remained quiet and the military was no longer engaged but arrest started Wiwa stated (Carmichael 2002). Based on the above consequences, Steger’s touches the tenets of his argument that it is the human will and choices that must create market models and not the goods or the reverse wherein market limits suppressed human choices. His argument was based on the historical facts that man lords over the earth and that no society have emerged without knowing how to take care of its own. Society degrades or falls when only a privileged few are protected, when dominance is instilled prejudices and other sisters of greed appears. The value of human work diminishes and man begins to serve only his appetite and whims. Indeed, we must account for the gifts we received such as the talents endowed to us. There is a need of strengthening our world communities to use collective power to develop alternatives to Globalization and Corporate Rule. We must examine and challenge ourselves what is behind each ideology and must patronize products and services that are truly for the benefit of mankind. We must put our best efforts that wealth is distributed equitably and for the common good. We must learn to scrutinize the use of worldly goods and sharpen our values to preserve the world and the future of the next generation. References Mel Johnston, Alastair Mont, Philip Symons Calgary, Alberta 2000, the CUC Policy on Globalization, [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 01 February 2008 from, http://www. cuc. ca/social_responsibility/globalization. htm Teresa Walker 2003, Globalism: The New Market Ideology by Manfred Steger, [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 01 February 2008 from, http://www. logosjournal. com/walker. htm Stefanie Carmichael (2002). Owens Wiwa tackles consequences of globalization [Electronic Version]. The Manitoban. Retrieved 02, February 2008 from, http://www. themanitoban. com/2001-2002/0403/news_8. shtml

Photosynthesis Word Search Puzzle

The Negative Image Of Africa - 1511 Words

Africa has had a negative image for many years and even today, this image persists but to a less extent. This bad image of Africa did not always exist. There was a time where all races were not constantly at each other’s throat. Europeans did not immediately see Africans as inferiors because of their cultures or their skin color. At that period, everyone was considered as humans. But there came a point where Europeans thought that they were a bit superior to other races. Europeans did not just think they were superior compared to Africans, but to all other races. Unfortunately, after a while Europeans wanted more power, therefore their views about other races changed drastically. Africans were to Europeans easy targets who could be manipulated to their wishes. Europeans began to see Africans more as domestics who could serve them. It was not until later on that Africans’ skin color was an issue seen as a symbol of inferiority. From there on, the image of Africa started to crumble and many stereotypes were being made against them. As of today, many of those stereotypes mainly disappeared while some are still making their way to future generations. For instance, many people still think that Africans are poor and they live in the jungle. For so many of us who never went to Africa or never took the time to acknowledge what the real Africa is, we are sadly misinformed about Africa and its people by the media, which seems to be more fascinated by the negative aspects of Africa.Show MoreRelatedWestern Media Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica is one of the richest continents in terms of resources and human population nonetheless; it is the poorest and least developed continent. 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This is despite having sixty five percent of the worlds diamonds, thirty percent of the world’s oil and in 1976, seventy nine percent of the worlds gold. Africa’s rich mineral basins and numerous tourist attractions left the rest of the world shocked when Africa s share of world trade has dropped from four percent to one andRead MoreThe Perception of Africa as a Single Entity Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesLooking at Africa as a single entity has been an issue facing how the world perceives it. When news of Africa hits the stands it is rarely talking about specific places but rather a story about the whole of Africa. Viewing Africa as a single thing has lead most of the world, especially Western cultures, to see it in a generalized way which has led to a negative stereotype of Africa and its people. During the time of European expansion, many in Europe only knew of Africa, though the lettersRead MoreTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagespopular culture through the â€Å"infotainment† channels. With visual mediums, news channels and news outlets are influential in creating images and stories for spectators to consume. The development of these images tells stories and draw frameworks for audiences to evaluate and make sense of the world. Over the last few decades, global media conglomerates reporting on Africa, often portrays the continent in a state of distress and in need of humanitarian aid. On the other side of the world, the UnitedRead MoreProblem: Human Rights Violations In Sino-Africa Cooperation1321 Words   |  6 PagesProblem: Human Rights Violations in Sino-Africa Cooperation China’s increasing presence in Africa has been exposed to international critiques for human rights violations. Rampant land grabbing by Chinese companies, labor abuses in Chinese factories and farms, and China’s close bonds with authoritarian governments are three major problems that have become protuberant, impeding the progress of China’s â€Å"Going-Abroad† strategy in Africa. Take China’s footprint in the African agricultural sectorRead MoreDisproving Misconceptions About Africa1743 Words   |  7 PagesDisproving Misconceptions about Africa Africa is a country filled with primitive tribesmen who have made insignificant contributions to history. Today most Americans pride themselves on being open-minded, politically conscious, and socially aware of world wide problems. Yet when discussing Africa, its history, and present state, most misconceptions as seen above are accepted without question. These myths have been developed over a century of time and have become imbedded in the minds of the WesternRead MoreComparing Shakespeares Othello with Conrads Heart of Darkness738 Words   |  3 Pagesidentity of Othello the reader is given the image of only animals and beasts. This demonstrates the perceived view of the time this play was written on how men and woman saw blacks and animals as almost parallel to each other. Many years after writing Heart of Darkness, Conrad took on a large amount of back lash, being considered a racist for the abuse and racial slurs towards Africans throughout this novel. This work is based on the colonization of Africa in a destructive manner rather than a positiveRead MoreExamining the Objectives, Strategy and Goals of Product Red891 Words   |  4 Pagescampaign in order to fight against AIDS epidemic in Africa. The campaign’s goal was to influence consumers to purchase Product Red from any of its partners in order to raise funds HIV and AIDS antiretroviral pills. The funds were directed towards The Global Fund, which received upto 50% of the profits from the sale of any Product Red marked product (Youngme Moon, 2009). The campaign also focused on raising the awareness to eliminate AIDS in Africa with an emphasis on health of women and children.

Is Traffic Really What I Want - 1342 Words

Is traffic really what I want to be in? My life is like bumper to bumper, too many friends, strangers, and family in front of me. As I tell my life story it is hard to reminisce back at the failures and those misunderstood thoughts. I am starting to realize that the pain I faced was supposed to make me into a man, since my father was not there. I don’t blame him for not being there because it was my mother’s decision to leave him when I was four to eight months year old, while my older brother Norman was four years old. My mother had dated my father since they were kids in Jr High School. I know they loved each other but my father was insecure because the beauty that my mother had. He was afraid that she would leave him or was†¦show more content†¦Meaning he took initiative of being another father to me, even know I did not enjoy that at times, because he would try to be overly on my case. Norman just wanted me to be the best I could be and allow me to know how to grown from mistakes made by me, him, and are mother. He taught me how to ride a bike, read, and how not be afraid of any man including the sacrifices it takes to becoming a man. However, there were time where he did not know how to deal with the difficult situations that were handed to us. For instance when we had to live in a van and move hotel to hotels for a year, because rent was not able to get paid. After a while we could not live in those hotels, vans, and family homes forever, so my mother shipped me and my brother out to Louisville, KY during the summer. We thought it was a vacation to get away from what was going on at the time. We went to go visit are granny, uncle, aunty, and little cousin. Although, that summer vacation turned into us being there for a couple more weeks passed summer to months and a year and a half. Coming to find out my mother was still living back on those family homes. It was hard to know what was going on at the age of ten, eleven years old, but I stayed calm and always kept a smile on my face no matter the situation. I guess I just always thought that this was how these were supposed to go, the situations just felt normal. I began to get use to the moving back and forth and struggling on having a home to ourselves.

Sociology and Social Science Indigenous People in Australia

Question: Discuss about theSociology and Social Sciencefor Indigenous People in Australia. Answer: Introduction This essay contains the poverty of indigenous people in Australia which is based on the socio-economic culture of Australia along with this the essay also discloses the employment discrimination in Australia which is based on income inequality system in Australia. The working system is not so developed in Australia and according to the people of Australia poverty is the main reason for this difference. Though housing and training opportunities are mostly available in some region, yet because of poverty and unemployment system people cannot afford these opportunities as the prices and rental status are so high of such opportunities (Mendes 2015). In some region of Australia, shortage of work is also available which causes distribution inequality in the country. Unemployment is one of the biggest problems in the country because some people are indigenous by their financial position. According to Cooper 2014, some indigenous people are not meeting their daily requirement because of the poverty line in Australia (Callander and Schofield 2012). Literature Review According to Australian Council of Social Service (ACSS) in 2012, the poverty line in Australia increases every year, and the government tries to solve this issue. This issue is also the political issue of the country because poverty takes place because of the politic system also. In the year 2010, having taken the description of costs of housing, around 2,265,000 people or 12.5% of all citizens in Australia are living in a household below the poverty line which includes 5,75,000 children (around 17.3% of all children in Australia) (Doyle and Mendes 2015). According to todays era of 21st century, because of poverty, most of the people in Australia are homeless and living in a household. This issue affects the society of some urban region in Australia. Children are not getting proper education because of poverty and unemployment problem of their family. It is critically found that because of poverty of indigenous people in Australia, they are not meeting their daily needs and their children are also not getting admission in top universities for more study. In today's world poverty is a certain problem which is affecting the people most and causes the country development (Bolle 2016). In some region of Australia, people of the community participate in some social and economic events and programs to make some money for their daily needs. People access some community services which are affordable for them to take part in the social event. This issue caused very much as the poverty line in Australia (Callander and Schofield 2012). Poverty and Welfare Issues in Australia In today's world Australia is facing the problem of poverty to a great segment, and because of this issue, people are very unsafe in Australia. Poverty is also an inequality problem, and it is not caused only by individual position. There are various causes of this poverty issue in Australia which are mentioned bellow; Social Mobility: There are scores of people who are not employed and living without doing any work. These people cannot meet their day-to-day requirement because they are in need of money and employment. In some region of Australia, shortage of work is also available which caused distribution inequality in the country (Edwards 2016). Education: Education system in Australia is lower which has the link with unemployment. Standard of living is not so developed because of the low education system in Australia. It causes the poverty line which indicates the unemployment problem as well as inequality system in Australia. Some children studied in high school and after that they cannot get admission in top University because of poverty and unemployment in Australia (Western and Haynes 2014). Housing System: In some major cities of Australia, Only minority people having low income can own their house without any taking loan and mortgage. As well as in some cities housing rent is not affordable by people. Though housing and training opportunities are mostly available in some region, yet because of poverty and unemployment, people cannot afford these opportunities because the prices and rental status are so high of such opportunities. Since last two decades, prices of housing are increasing randomly, but the income of people raises reasonably over the country. This housing issue causes poverty system more in Australia (Sharam and Hulse 2014). Labor market discrimination: Unemployment is the major problem in Australia. Most of the people are unemployed which leads to the causes of poverty in Australia. People are out of work, and they are in need of work, but according to the employment system of Australia, they are not getting employment. Some children are also doing child labor to support their family because of poverty system in Australia. Gender Inequality in Australia There is a difference of gender pay gap between men and women's average earning in a week which shows that men are making more in comparison to women in Australia. Though earning capacity of the people is taking place, the poverty line is not decreasing because of major unemployment system in Australia. According to the Average Bureau of statics,' national earning of gender pay gap is currently running around 16.2% as well as from the past two decades having hovered between 15% and 19% of the earnings in Australia. In some region of Australia standard of living of people are not so developed because of poverty and unemployment system. It has considered that men earn more than women (Lamontagne 2013). Racial or Ethnic Inequality Some factors influence the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous which affects the poverty line Australia. These factors are mentioned bellow; Men and women are not working in the same industry similarly income is different for both of them. Men are working at high integrity, and their job attracted at higher wages and dominated industry. Whereas, women are working at a lower dominated the industry and drew lower wage rate (Phillips and Luke 2016). There is a lack of senior position and also the part time and role as a flexible high position of women. Whereas, men work as the full time to make more income, and there is also the availability of the flexible senior position in Australia (Bodkin-Andrews 2014). There is a difference of education, work experience and seniority between men and women in Australia (Craven and Yeung 2014). There is a direct discrimination of income between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Australia (Arens 2014). There is a right argument of the poverty line and unemployment between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Australia. To reduce this issue from the region, Australia needs to develop some employment system for the better standard of living of people According to ACSS; some people are indigenous in nature because they are not meeting their daily requirement and facing the issue of poverty and unemployment in Australia. All the above factors indicate the gender gap between men and women's effort in Australia, and because of poverty, women are also working to meet their daily needs (Phillips and Luke 2016). Measurement and Reduction of the Issue in Australia There are various methods to measure the issue of the poverty line and unemployment system in Australia. These issues can be reduced from the country if Australian Council of Social Service (ACSS) recommends some measurement to reduce the problem of poverty. ACSS has taken some fundamental analysis to mitigate these issues which are as follows; A National Anti-Poverty Plan (NAPP) is going to hold by the ACSS to reduce the problem of poverty and unemployment It increases the employment sector and also increases the lower social security payment rates for unemployed people, children, and lone parents in Australia Maintaining an efficient minimum wage rate to reduce poverty among the household. Trying to give more employment to the needy people and also reduces the cost of some daily elements. Children are also getting some education facility at rare little cost to reduce the issue of poverty and unemployment in Australia Figure 1: Unemployment structure in Australia Source: (www.tradingeconomics.com.au) Findings According to the era of 21st Century, poverty and unemployment issues increase every year in Australia. Most of the indigenous people are facing the problem of poverty because they cannot meet their daily requirements accordingly. From the above analysis, it has been considered that the number of unemployment increases every year, and ACSS is trying to reduce the problem of poverty and unemployment in Australia. The education system in Australia is lower which has the link with unemployment. Standard of living of people is not so developed because of the low school system in Australia. ACSS is trying to develop the country and providing some less cost education to some indigenous children (Johnson and Robinson 2014). According to the Average Bureau of Statics,' national gender pay gap earning is currently running around 16.2% as well as from the past two eras having hovered between 15% and 19% of the earnings in Australia. Earning capacity of the people is not so developed in Australia, and there is an earnings comparison between men and women of Australia. Some factors influence the indigenous and non-indigenous people who show the earning gap between them. Men are working at high priority, and their job concerned at higher wages and dominated the industry. Whereas, women are working at a lower dominated industry and attracted lower wage rate. Housing and education problem are the major poverty issue in Australia because most of the children are not getting study because of the high demand of money for admission. ACSS is providing some less cost study and scholarship for Indigenous students in Australia (Yates 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion of the poverty of indigenous people in Australia' and the employment discrimination in Australia,' it has been concluded that the country is facing the problem of poverty and unemployment at a large segment. Children and students are not safe because of poverty issue in Australia. Students are not getting higher study because of low wage rate and unemployment system and also not getting admission in top University because of poverty issue in Australia. Australian Council of Social Service (ACSS) is trying to contribute some less cost training and program for the indigenous student of the country. Some people are indigenous because of the poverty line in the country. Due to this issue the country is facing various criticisms. In some region of Australia, if any person is sick he cannot get hospitality and medical because of poverty and unemployment issues. People do not get their daily needed elements because of poverty. It has been considered that issues of poverty and unemployment are widely affecting the country but in coming days these issues might be solved by the help of Australian Council of Social Services (ACSS). References Arens, A.K., Bodkin-Andrews, G., Craven, R.G. and Yeung, A.S., 2014. Self-concept of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian students: Competence and affect components and relations to achievement.Learning and Individual Differences,32, pp.93-103. Australia, O., 2014. 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