Labor relations 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor relations 3 - Essay Example Hence, a grievance can be denoted as a dispute that crops up in a work related environment in relation to the interpretation, appliance, management or alleged violation of the specific terms of the collective agreement (Holley et al 468). Basically, it is a complaint that is filed by an employee as per his/her interpretation of the collective agreement. A grievance that is not settled in the course of its own procedures could be referred within given timelines as indicated by the collective agreement to Arbitration. Never the less, if a grievance procedure has been followed without any resolute being attained, then a single arbitrator or arbitration board should hear and determine the dispute that is referred to it, as his/her or its decision is final and should, therefore, be binding upon all the parties that are involved. Hence, it is seen as an absolute stage of resolution. Moreover, every grievance procedure operates within a specific time limit, which is present in each collecti ve agreement. These limits are put in place to deal with grievances promptly. They should be taken into consideration by both the employer and the union to ensure that limits are adhered to unless under specific permission that must be agreed upon by one or the other party. In case, this is not done chances are that the whole grievance procedure becomes invalid especially if it is in reference to arbitration. Either party is in a position to raise the lack of adherence to timeliness as a preliminary objection of having the grievance dismissed. Benefits of Grievances The grievance procedure has benefits, which helps the process to be in place. First, the process is capable of generating stability in day-to day employees’ relations as it ensures that employees have a sense of assurance within the collective agreement life of a mechanism that resolves issues rather than allowing them to continue. In fact, the presence of a grievance process at any work place ensures that dispute s do not escalate but rather get resolved at the appropriate time. Second, the process plays an important role in creating a sense of democracy in the work place especially when it allows employees to air their grievances without the fear of intimidation by the employers. Third, the process gives employees a chance to hold open discussions on issues that are related to their work, and improve communication between the employer and the employee (Holley et al 469). Furthermore, interpretation of a collective agreement is allowed as it presents an option of submitting problems to neutral third party. This builds up strong labor relations, improves morale and increases overall productivity. The common sources of grievances include: discipline and discharge, working hour and overtime, postings of job and seniority. Steps in a Grievance Procedure Every collective agreement denotes the steps as per their respective grievance procedures A typical grievance procedure of an individual employe e includes the following: Informal discussion Prior to a formal grievance filing, an employee must discuss the issue with the supervisor. At times, the grievance may be

Overview where you are and where you want to be in 3-6 months Essay

Overview where you are and where you want to be in 3-6 months - Essay Example I have also finalized the project plan, methodology, and questions, which were presented for final approval. After gaining approval, I drafted my introduction, literature review, and methodology chapters and finally received my upgrade from MPhil to Ph.D. In the next three to six months, I am planning to apply for ethics approval, which will hopefully present me with the go-ahead to undertake the research activities with human subjects. I am also planning to prepare the course content and material for the intervention training for the EFL teachers, which will draw on foundational theories to set the parameters of how to tackle and answer he research question (Adams & Puetow, 2014). Finally, I want to begin the initial collection of data to carry out a pilot for my research study. It is hoped that the pilot study will allow for the emergence of theoretical concepts and throw up an array of alternatives ideas about what will be observed, which should later coalesce into more articulated concepts (Adams & Puetow,

Overview of Cytokinins (CK)

Overview of Cytokinins (CK) FARA SHAKEEL CYTOKININS: Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. STRUCTURE OF CYTOKININS: NATURE OF CYTOKININS: Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a synthetic cytokinin (meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere other than in a plant). The most common form of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays) Cytokinins have been found in almost all higher plants as well as mosses, fungi, bacteria, and also in tRNA of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Today there are more than 200 natural and synthetic cytokinins combined. Cytokinin concentrations are highest in meristematic regions and areas of continuous growth potential such as roots, young leaves, developing fruits, and seeds (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). HISTORY OF CYTOKININS: In 1913, Gottlieb Haberlandt discovered that a compound found in phloem had the ability to stimulate cell division (Haberlandt, 1913). In 1941, Johannes van Overbeek discovered that the milky endosperm from coconut also had this ability. He also showed that various other plant species had compounds which stimulated cell division (van Overbeek, 1941). In 1954, Jablonski and Skoog extended the work of Haberlandt showing that vascular tissues contained compounds which promote cell division (Jablonski and Skoog, 1954). The first cytokinin was isolated from herring sperm in 1955 by Miller and his associates (Miller et al., 1955). This compound was named kinetin because of its ability to promote cytokinesis. Hall and deRopp reported that kinetin could be formed from DNA degradation products in 1955 (Hall and deRopp, 1955). The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated from corn in 1961 by Miller (Miller, 1961). It was later called zeatin. Almost simultaneous w ith Miller Letham published a report on zeatin as a factor inducing cell division and later described its chemical properties (Letham, 1963). It is Miller and Letham that are credited with the simultaneous discovery of zeatin. Since that time, many more naturally occurring cytokinins have been isolated and the compound is ubiquitous to all plant species in one form or another (Arteca, 1996; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM: Cytokinin is generally found in higher concentrations in meristematic regions and growing tissues. They are believed to be synthesized in the roots and translocated via the xylem to shoots. Cytokinin biosynthesis happens through the biochemical modification of adenine. The process by which they are synthesized is as follows (McGaw, 1995; Salisbury and Ross, 1992): A product of the mevalonate pathway called isopentyl pyrophosphate is isomerized. This isomer can then react with adenosine monophosphate with the aid of an enzyme called isopentenyl AMP synthase. The result is isopentenyl adenosine-5-phosphate (isopentenyl AMP). This product can then be converted to isopentenyl adenosine by removal of the phosphate by a phosphatase and further converted to isopentenyl adenine by removal of the ribose group. Isopentenyl adenine can be converted to the three major forms of naturally occurring cytokinins. Other pathways or slight alterations of this one probably l ead to the other forms. Degradation of cytokinins occurs largely due to the enzyme cytokinin oxidase. This enzyme removes the side chain and releases adenine. Derivitives can also be made but the pathways are more complex and poorly understood. TRANSPORT: via xylem (transpiration stream) in peas, a signal from the leaves may signal/regulate transport of cytokinins from the roots zeatin ribosides are the main transport form; converted to the free base or glucosides in the leaves some cytokinin also moves in the phloem. Mode of action: The ratio of auxin to cytokinin plays an important role in the effect of cytokinin on plant growth. Cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. When cytokinin is added, the cells expand and differentiate. When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. More cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while more auxin induces root formation. Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. They are known to regulate axillary bud growth and apical dominance. The direct inhibition hypothesis posits that these effects result from the cytokinin to auxin ratio. This theory states that auxin from apical buds travels down shoots to inhibit axillary bud growth. This promotes shoot growth, and restricts lateral branching. Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. Simple experiments support this theory. When the apical bud is removed, the axillary buds are uninhibited, lateral growth increases, and plants become bushier. Applying auxin to the cut stem again inhibits lateral dominance. While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. A study that regulated leaf senescence in tobacco leaves found that wild-type leaves yellowed while transgenic leaves remained mostly green. It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. CHEMISTRY: A. General adenine derivatives (amino purines) occur as: (a) the free nitrogenous base; (b) a nucleoside (base + ribose); (c) a nucleotide (base + ribose + phosphate); or (d) glycosides The free base is the active form. approximately 40 different structures known. Zeatin (Z), which was first isolated from maize (Zea mays) is the most common cytokinin. Other naturally occurring cytokinins include, dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and isopentenyladenosine (IPA). B. Synthetic cytokinins kinetin – probably byproduct of zeatin degradation there are several other substances with cytokinin activity such as benzyl adenine (benzylaminopurine; BA). C. Cytokinins and nucleic acids can occur as a modified base in tRNA, but the bases exist in the cis form, rather than the typical trans form. These modified bases that are found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. The function of the tRNA cytokinins is not clear, but after hydrolysis of the tRNA the products can act as a cytokinin. The importance of the tRNA derived cytokinins in overall growth and development is not clear, either. Interestingly plants have different sets of tRNA’s with different cytokinins that participate in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm and the plastids. CYTOKININS FUNCTION: A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below. The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Stimulates cell division. Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture. Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. May enhance stomatal opening in some species. Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis ROLE OF CYTOKININS IN PLANTS: Cytokinins are known from cytokinin-overproducing mutants to produce additional leaves and branches on the stem. The stems and leaves produce additional chlorophyll. Wounding often produces a new branch. Leaf senescence is delayed. Apical dominance is released. Cuttings produce adventitious roots slowly and require additional auxin to reliably root. Tumors may form at nodes. The results of applied cytokinins could include release of apical dominance as you demonstrated in kidney beans in laboratory. Cytokinins regulate the cell cycle as we learned early in the semester. Cytokinins delay senescence. You carried out this project at home with isolated wheat primary leaf tips in various solutions of plant hormones. Those treated with cytokinins should have demonstrated delayed senescence (stayed green longer). Of course, remember the auxin dose responsethere is such a thing as too much of a good thing! Cytokinins cause nutrient diversion. Cytokinin-treated leaves become sinks for nutrients such as amino acids. This is shown in a classic experiment in plant physiology CYTOKININS CONJUGATION: As you can see in the diagram below, the natural cytokinin ribosides can be attached to sugars to form glycosides that have reduced or no cytokinin activity. The plant also can produce enzymes to cleave the sugar and restore full cytokinin activity. Thus conjugation with sugars and retrieval from these bound forms is a possible pathway in plant cells. However, it is also true that the ribosides themselves are a form of conjugation. All studies to date seem to indicate that the free-base has to be cleaved from the ribose too before the compound has any true activity. Plants carry out this reaction easily and rapidly, so ribosides appear to have activity on their own, but this is an artifact. Cells in culture require the cytokinin to be freethese sometimes lack the enzymes to cleave the ribose, so supplied ribosides are inactive and the free-base must be supplied in the medium. The native cytokinins also occur as modified bases in RNA and DNA strands. In fact cis-zeatin (a less active form) is found in many tRNA molecules in almost all living cells of all species! The extent to which the free cytokinin pool is altered by conjugation with other nucleotides or released from nucleotide polymers is not clear. CYTOKININS DEGRADATION: In addition to synthesis and conjugation, the pools of cytokinins can be altered by degradation. Below is how one natural cytokinin is made inactive: REFERENCES http://www.plant-hormones.info/cytokinins.htm Kieber JJ (March 2002). Tribute to Folke Skoog: Recent Advances in our Understanding of Cytokinin Biology. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1007/s003440010059. PMID11981613. Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa Andrea.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven Alexander.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert Bradley (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. pp.827–30. Chen CM, Ertl JR, Leisner SM, Chang CC (July 1985). GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY,LAHOREPage 1

In the Road of Becoming a Novelist Essay -- passion, novelist career, s

â€Å"Chase down your passion like it’s the last bus of the night.† -Terri Guillemets. Passion is like a fuel, it keeps us moving in life. It is medication to our wounds that hurt us internally, yet, it can be the road to success and satisfaction. Passion is the world people run to when reality shuts them down. Painting, dancing, writing, math, and endless hobbies can be someones passion, and all of those things lead to careers, big or small it does not matter. Finding passion could be hard for some people and easier for others. I am one of the people who have found their passion. My passion is writing. I want to become a novelist but before I can do so, I must know the education to become a novelist, the knowledge on how the job process works, and how it fits my career ideals. The very first answer starts with Education. Education is generally the start of success. It blooms one’s skills and expands one’s knowledge. The education a novelist must take is really nothing. Surprising right? Think about back in the older centuries where education isn’t open to everyone, yet there was so many great scholars and writers with poor education. Becoming a novelist isn’t all about the education, rather it is about the skills instead. In order to build the skills, education is needed. I must build my English grammar skills in order to become a decent writer. That means writing as much as I can. After high school it’s a good idea for me to enter into a college even if a post secondary isn’t needed, unless I want to write in a specialized area such as scientific writing, I will then need a Bachelors degree in Science of Technical writing. Same thing with a journalist, a journalist must have a Bachelors degree in communication, English, or journali... ....†- Criss Jami. Works Cited "Fiction Writer Job Description, Career as a Fiction Writer." - StateUniversity.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. "How to Become a Writer: Education and Training Requirements for Becoming a Professional Writer." Educhoices.org. EduChoices, 12 Aug. 2009. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. "How to Publish a Book: An Overview of Traditional & Self-Publishing." How To Publish a Book: An Overview of Traditional & Self-Publishing. F+W Media, n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014. "Novel Writing Careers | Salary | Information :TheArtCareerProject.com."TheArtCareerProjectcom RSS. The Art Career Project, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. Smith, Dominic. "The Millions." : How Many Novelists Are at Work in America? The Millions, 30 Dec. 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2014.

Building Inspection Checklist

BUILDING INSPECTION CHECKLIST Location: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Is the building address or identification clearly visible? Are exterior lights in working order? Are periodic inspections conducted and documented? Is an unobstructed access road to the building provided? Are the exits onto public streets free from visibility obstructions? Are trees and shrubs pruned and documented? Are roots pruned and documented? Are all building sides accessible to emergency equipment? Are fire hydrants accessible? Exterior:Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Interior: No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10. Are sprinkler/standpipe connections accessible? 11. Are sprinkler/standpipe connections clearly marked? 12. Are landscape sprinklers at least 6 inches from walkways or pathways? 13. Does the building appear to be in good repair? 14. Is building free from signs of vandalism? 15.Are exterior walls free from cracks or other damages? 16. Are windows free from cracks or broken panes? 17. Has vegetation been cut back from the building? 18. Are turf areas inspected for holes, exposed roots, etc. and documented? 19. Are paved surfaces inspected and repaired (i. e. , lifts, cracks, etc. )? 20. Are combustible materials stored away from the building? 21. Is the building free from signs of exterior damage? 22. Are stairs, landings and handrails in good repair and fastened securely? (inspect the bottom of each step) 23.Are facilities periodically inspected and documented? 24. Are all sewer clean out caps in place? 25. Are all irrigation covers in place? 26. Are housing authority owned light post bases free of rust and/or deterioration? 27. Do entrance doors close slowly to avoid hazards to fingers? 28. Are utility/cable boxes marked â€Å"Keep Off†? Electrical System: Building Inspection Checklist Page 2 29. Are all electrical panels secured? 30. Is a 3†² clearance provided around all electrical panels? 31. Are all electrical rooms free from combustible storage? 32.Are all electrical panels cool to the touch? 33. Are all electrical panels free from evidence of burning? 34. Have all electrical circuits been identified? 35. Are all electrical switches and receptacles in good repair? 36. Has the use of extension cords been discontinued? 37. Have Ground Fault Interrupter's been provided on circuits in proximity to water? 38. Is there a â€Å"lock-out† procedure in place? Heating System: 39. Is a 3†² clearance provided around all heating equipment? 40. Are furnace/boiler rooms kept locked? 41. Are furnace/boiler rooms free from combustible storage? 2. Are residents reminded to keep combustibles away from heaters? Smoking: 43. Is smoking prohibited in the building common areas? 44. Are designated smoking areas properly identified? 45. Are non-combustible receptacles prov ided in smoking areas? 46. Are smoking materials disposed of properly? Housekeeping: 47. Is trash removed from the building daily? 48. Is storage restricted to designated areas? 49. Is storage neatly arranged and secured from rolling away? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AYes Yes Yes Yes No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes No No No N/A N/A Building Inspection Checklist Page 3 Private Protection: 50. Is building equipped with an automatic sprinkler system? 51. Is the main sprinkler control valve accessible? 52. Are all valves supplying water or air to the system open? 53. Is system operation monitored by an alarm company? 54. Is valve operation monitored by an alarm company? 55. Is the sprinkler system tested on a quarterly basis and documented? 56. Are spare sprinkler heads available in the building? 7. Is the building equipped with a fire detection system? 58. Doe s the system protect the entire building? 59. Does the system provide an alarm signal in the building? 60. Is system tested on a monthly basis and documented? 61. Is the main alarm panel in normal operating condition? 62. Are portable fire extinguishers provided? 63. Are all extinguishers inspected on a monthly basis and documented? 64. Do all extinguishers have a current inspection tag? Emergency Evacuation: 65. Are all exits and travel paths identified with illuminated â€Å"EXIT† signs? 66.Are travel paths leading to exits free of obstructions? 67. Are exits unlocked and operational? 68. Are working emergency lights provided in the building? 69. Are emergency lights tested periodically and documented? 70. Are evacuation diagrams posted throughout the building? Miscellaneous: 71. Has flammable storage been limited to designated areas? 72. Is all cooking equipment protected by extinguishing systems? 73. Is cooking equipment clean? 74. Are filters inspected periodically and d ocumented? 75. Are all computer areas free from combustible storage?Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Building Inspection Checklist Page 4 NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR IF ANY QUESTIONS WERE ANSWERED â€Å"NO† Inspected By: Date: The following items have been followed-up on. This has been accomplished by putting them on a work order: Item No. Work Order # Item No. Work Order # Item No. Work Order #

Etiquette and Rule Essay

In todays modern era we are surrounded by technology all over the place. This technology Is constantly being Improved everyday. One of the most widely used technologies In the world Is the computer. Almost everything can be done on the computer these days. There are a lot of rules people need to follow on the Internet and they can all be categorized under Netiquette. Netiquette is really just a set of rules to follow in order to behave properly online. It is extremely important to know how to behave online because it can affect you in the real world as well. There are many rules In Netiquette. One of the main sets of rules is called the Ten Core Rules of Netiquette. These rules help a person be who they really are online and In reality. The flrst rule In this set Is spell check. Whenever you are communicating with someone online it is always important to spell check and proofread. Errors and misspelling can make you look less professional and it can also reduce the meaning of the message. The second rule is to never use â€Å"ALL CAPS†. This is because when somebody uses all caps online it Is considered that you are shouting at them. The recipient of the message can take this the wrong way and get offended. The third rule of the ten states, † Tell the truth†. Basically what this means Is to be honest on social networking websites and to not write anything but the truth. Lies can cause problems for you, so it is Just better to tell the truth to begin with. The fourth rule states† Be yourself’ which means be the same person online that you would be in the real world. Do not say or do things that you would not normally do. Pretending to be someone you are not online can ruin your Image. The fifth rule in this set is Do not flame or respond to flames. You should not do this because It Is unclvlllzed and a flame Is an Insult. Continuing with the ten core rules, the sixth rule is to not click on any spam or send any spam. These pop ups and spam can lead to malware, viruses, and malware. These viruses can damage your computer software and slow down the performance. The seventh rule of the code is to be conservative in the emails you send. This is because it Is better to have quality over quantity; It Is better to get straight to the point. The eight rule also has to do with email. This rule Is to not send email late at night. If you send a email late at night It might make the employer or recipient wonder what you are doing up that late. The ninth rule is to shop on secure websites. This is important because you do not want to disclose any personal information on the Internet. Lastly the tenth rule of this code is to always be discreet with what you do online. This can include making profiles, posting comments and sending messages. You never know who Is watching and what can be on the line. Of course you must exercise these rules more when you are not using your own computer. For example if you are using a school laptop and you cannot log into your personal accounts, because if you forget to sign out somebody can send all sorts of hings out and create a bad image of you. Additionally when you use someone else’s computer or laptop, you have to avoid going to websites that have too many pop up links or follow up any spam. The reason to this Is because it can lead to viruses, which will not content the owner of the computer or laptop. Some people think that because nothing you do on the Internet is private or gone forever. Once you send a message there is no way off getting it back, The person reading the message can save your email or can also forward it to others. This is why writing appropriate and not offensive are one of the important rules to follow as well. There are many reasons why it is important to communicate appropriately online. The reason why is because it shows the reader you are serious and it also gives them a clue of what kind of person you are.. The reader can automatically tell what kind of person you are once you send them your email by the way you talk in the email. You have to be as clear and to the point as possible to avoid any conflict and keep your job. I have seen many situations in where there was good etiquette and bad etiquette used. One example of good netiquette that I have see was when my dad was going to uy something online he made sure that every website had the secure check on it. This helped to protect personal information while checking out. One example of bad netiquette that I have seen was when a student from my old school was emailing a teacher and he was using slang in the message. This was unprofessional and I told him to fix it before he sent it. Overall when you are using the Internet there are a lot of rules to follow so that you don’t look unprofessional. These netiquette rules help many people be themselves online and also help a lot of people keep their Jobs.